/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/shared/css/hw-global-sidebars.css ::::: */

#col-2 { background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); }
#col-3 { background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216); }
#col-2 div#docked-nav { border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) white; border-width: 1px; margin: 5px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: fixed; top: 5px; background-color: white; width: 210px; }
#col-2 div#docked-nav ol { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; }
#col-2 div#docked-nav div.content-box { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
#col-2 div#docked-slugline { margin-left: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; }
#col-2 div#docked-slugline, #col-2 div#slugline, #col-2 .cb-corr-slug div.correction-for-article, #col-2 .cb-corr-slug div.retraction-for-article, #col-2 .cb-corr-slug div.revision-for-article { padding: 0pt 5px 0pt 0pt; font-size: 86.38%; margin-left: 0pt; }
#col-2 div#docked-slugline .slug-metadata-note, #col-2 div#slugline .slug-metadata-note { display: block; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; }
#col-2 div#docked-slugline cite, #col-2 div#slugline cite { margin: 3px 0pt; }
#col-2 div.related-article { margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 10px; padding: 5px; font-size: 80%; font-weight: bold; }
#col-2 div.related-article a:hover { border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(102, 0, 51); }
#col-2 div.related-article a:active, #col-2 div.related-article a:link, #col-2 div.related-article a:visited { color: rgb(64, 64, 64); text-decoration: none; }
#col-2 #col-2-modify-search-results div { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
#col-2 #col-2-modify-search-results div div { margin: inherit; padding: inherit; }
div.content-box ol { margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; }
#col-2 div.content-box { border-right: 1px solid white; margin: 1em 7px 0pt 0pt; padding: 5px 12px 5px 0px; font-size: 83.33%; background-color: rgb(219, 219, 219); line-height: 1; }
#col-3 div.content-box { margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; font-size: 83.33%; line-height: 1; }
#col-2 .content-box h3 { margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 5px; font-size: 1.2em; }
#col-3 .content-box h3 { margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px; font-size: 1.2em; }
#col-2 .content-box h4 { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(185, 194, 141); margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 9px; font-size: 1.1em; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); height: 1.4em; }
#col-2 div.content-box div.collapsed h4, #col-2 div.content-box div.collapsible h4 { padding: 0.175em 0px 0.175em 9px; clear: both; }
div.content-box div.collapsible h4 a, div.content-box div.collapsed h4 a { color: black; }
div.content-box div.collapsible h4 a:visited, div.content-box div.collapsed h4 a:visited { color: black; }
div.content-box div.collapsible h4 a:hover, div.content-box div.collapsed h4 a:hover { border: medium none ; }
#col-3 .content-box h4 { margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px; font-size: 1.1em; }
#col-2 div.cb-contents { border-left: 1px solid rgb(213, 218, 186); margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); }
#col-3 div.cb-contents { margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; }
#col-2 div.cb-section { border-left: 1px solid white; border-right: 10px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin: 0px 0px 0px -1px; padding: 0px; background-color: white; }
#col-2 div.cb-section ol { padding: 3px 0px; }
#col-3 div.cb-section { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(185, 194, 141); margin: 0pt; padding: 3px 10px 3px 0pt; }
#col-2 div.content-box div.cb-slug, #col-2 div.content-box div.cb-corr-slug { padding-top: 3px; }
div.content-box .cb-slug ol, div.content-box div.cb-corr-slug ol { border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin: 0pt 4px; }
div.content-box .cb-section .cb-versions { border-top: 2px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin: 5px 5px 0pt; }
#col-2 div.content-box .cb-section .cb-versions div { margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 5px; padding: 0.5em 0pt 0pt; }
div.content-box .cb-section .cb-versions .current-version { font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5em; }
#cb-art-cat ol, #cb-art-cat ul { margin: 0px 0px 0px 9px; padding: 0px; }
#cb-art-cat ol span { font-weight: bold; }
#col-2 #cb-art-cat ol ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 9px; }
#cb-art-cat ol li { margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.4; }
#cb-art-cat ol li li { margin-bottom: 0px; }
#cb-art-cat ol li li li { margin-left: 10%; }
#col-3 div.content-box div.sidebar-etoc-link { border: medium none ; padding-bottom: 0px; }
#col-2 p.social-bookmarking-help { margin: 5px 0pt 0pt; line-height: 1; }
#col-2 #article-cb-main .social-bookmark-links { border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; }
#col-2 #article-cb-main .social-bookmark-links a:hover { border: medium none ; }
#col-2 #article-cb-main .soc-bm-link-text { display: none; }
#col-2 #cb-loaded-hw-cited { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
#col-2 #cb-loaded-hw-cited-none, #col-2 #cb-loaded-related-urls-none, #col-2 #cb-loaded-isi-cited-none, #col-2 #cb-loaded-isi-related-none { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: none; }
div.cb-section li .oa-article { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 0.2em 0px; display: block; text-align: center; }
div.cb-section li .oa-article span, div.cb-section li .oa-view { color: rgb(0, 0, 144); font-weight: bold; }
div.cb-section li .free { margin-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; }
div.cb-section li .pdf-direct-link, div.cb-section li .variant-indicator { font-weight: bold; }
#col-3 ol { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; }
#col-3 div.content-box { padding: 1em; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); }
div.content-box .content-box-section { line-height: 1.4; }
div.content-box a, div.content-box span.variant-indicator { line-height: 1.4; text-decoration: none; }
div.content-box a:hover { border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(102, 0, 51); }
div.content-box a:link, div.content-box a:visited, div.content-box a:hover, div.content-box a:active { color: rgb(64, 64, 64); }
#col-3 div.content-box .cb-section { margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
#col-3 .cb-section, #col-3 .cb-section ol, #col-3 .cb-section ol li { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
div.content-box div.cb-section .notice { font-weight: bold; }
#col-2 a.prev-results-link, #col-2 a.next-results-link, div.content-box div.cb-section .notice a, div.content-box div.cb-section a.pdf-direct-link { background-color: rgb(255, 240, 184); }
#col-2 span.open-access-note, ol.content-box-section-list li .oa-article span, ol.content-box-section-list li .oa-view { color: rgb(0, 0, 144); font-weight: bold; }
form.searchbox { margin: 0px auto 1em; width: 100%; }
form.searchbox #sidebar-search-input, form.searchbox #issue-search-input { margin-left: 0px; width: 115px; }
form.searchbox #sidebar-search-go, form.searchbox #issue-search-go { width: 35px; margin-left: 5px; }
#col-3 #sidebar-current-issue { border: 2px solid rgb(169, 169, 169); margin: 5px 10px; padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); }
#sidebar-cur-issue-coverlines ul { list-style-type: square; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; }
#sidebar-cur-issue-coverlines ul li { padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; }
div.article-nav, div.search-nav, div.sidebar-issue-nav { white-space: nowrap; }
div.article-nav span.toc-link, div.search-nav span.search-link { display: block; padding-top: 0.5em; }
div#docked-slugline, div#slugline { color: rgb(51, 51, 0); font-weight: bold; }
#col-2 div#slugline, #col-2 div#docked-slugline { margin: 0pt 5px; }
div#docked-slugline cite, div#slugline cite { font-style: normal; display: block; color: rgb(51, 51, 0); font-weight: normal; }
div#docked-slugline .slug-pub-date, div#docked-slugline .slug-pages, div#slugline cite .slug-pub-date, div#slugline cite .slug-pages { font-weight: bold; }
.article-nav, .search-nav, .sidebar-issue-nav { border: 1px solid rgb(192, 192, 192); margin: 0px 2em 1em; padding: 0.5em 0px; font-size: 83.33%; text-align: center; }
.article-nav a, .search-nav a, .sidebar-issue-nav a { color: black; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; }
.article-nav a:hover, .search-nav a:hover, .sidebar-issue-nav a:hover { color: black; text-decoration: underline; }
.current-issue { margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em auto; width: 100%; }
.current-issue img { border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); }
#col-2 a.rss-link { background-image: url('rss.gif'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: left center; padding-left: 15px; }
#col-2 div.sidebar { border: 2px solid rgb(192, 192, 192); margin: 10px 7px 5px; padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); font-size: 90%; }
#col-2 div.sidebar h4 { margin: 0pt; padding: 0.3em 0pt; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; }
#col-2 div.sidebar .citemap-frequent-authors th, #col-2 div.sidebar .citemap-journal th { padding: 0.3em 2pt; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; }
#col-2 div.sidebar .citemap-frequent-authors td.articles, #col-2 div.sidebar .citemap-journal td.articles { text-align: center; }
#col-2 div.sidebar .citemap-frequent-authors td, #col-2 div.sidebar .citemap-journal td { padding: 0.3em 2pt; font-size: 1em; }
#col-2 div.sidebar-qs { border: 1px solid rgb(192, 192, 192); margin: 0px 7px 5px; padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); font-size: 88%; }
#col-2 p.qs-instructions { margin: 3px 0pt; }
#col-2 div.sidebar-qs form.searchbox { margin: 0pt; }
#col-2 div.sidebar-qs div { margin: 0pt; }
#col-2 div.sidebar-qs img { margin: 5px 0pt 0pt 5px; padding: 0pt; }
#col-2 div.sidebar ul.nav { margin: 0em; }
ul.nav li { margin: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 1.5em; }
ul.nav li.collapsible { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin-left: 0.2em; }
ul.nav a.selected { font-weight: bold; }
#col-2 ul.prev-next { border: 1px solid rgb(192, 192, 192); padding: 8px 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; }
#col-2 ul.prev-next, #col-2 .cover { margin: 0px; text-align: center; }
#col-2 ul.prev-next li { margin: 10px 0px; display: inline; }
#col-2 ul.prev-next li a { text-decoration: none; font-size: 0.75em; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); }
#col-2 .cover-coverline { padding: 10px 0pt; margin-left: 0px; }
#col-2 .cover-coverline h3 { border-top: 1px solid rgb(185, 194, 141); padding-top: 10px; font-size: 1em; }
#col-2 .cover-coverline .cover-links { list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; }
#col-2 .cover img { border: 1px solid rgb(51, 51, 0); margin-bottom: 10px; height: 178px; width: 134px; }
#col-2 .toc-navigation cite, #col-2 .this-issue cite { font-size: 0.85em; font-style: normal; }
#col-2 .toc-navigation .toc-links li, #col-2 .this-issue .toc-links li { padding: 2px 0pt 0pt 9px; background-image: url('rightchevron.gif'); background-position: 0pt center; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: block; font-size: 0.85em; margin-left: 0px; white-space: normal; }
#col-2 .issue-sections { border-top: 1px solid rgb(185, 194, 141); }

/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/shared/css/hw-global-elements.css ::::: */

html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { border: 0px none ; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; }
a img, :link img, :visited img { border: 0px none ; }
:focus { outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: medium; }
body { background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 1.25; color: black; }
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; }
caption, th, td { text-align: left; font-weight: normal; }
blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ""; }

body { background: white none no-repeat fixed 0% 0%; font-size: 100%; line-height: 1; color: black; font-family: "Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode",Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; }
p, pre, label, ul, ol, dl, fieldset, address { margin: 1em 5%; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { margin: 0px 0px 0.4em; }
h1, h2, h3, h4 { text-align: left; font-weight: bold; }
h1 { font-size: 1.8em; }
h2 { font-size: 1.5em; }
h3 { font-size: 1.2em; }
blockquote { margin: 1em 7%; }
li, dd { margin-left: 5%; }
fieldset { padding: 0.5em; }
em { font-style: italic; }
strong { font-weight: 700; }
code, var, kbd, samp, pre { font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace; }
sup { font-size: 0.85em; vertical-align: super; line-height: 0pt; }
sub { font-size: 0.85em; vertical-align: sub; line-height: 0pt; }
div.hw-gen-page { padding: 0.5em 4em 2em 2em; font-size: 0.8em; }
.hw-gen-page #skip-link { position: absolute; left: -9999px; }
#content-block { border: 0pt none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.3; }
#content-block p { border: 0pt none ; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0pt; line-height: 1.5; }
#content-block { padding: 0px 20px 0px 5px; float: right; width: 518px; }
#col-2, #col-3 { overflow: hidden; width: 210px; }
#col-2 { float: left; }
#footer { clear: both; }
.banner-ads ul { list-style-type: none; }
#content-block { float: left; }
#col-2 div { margin: 0px 10px; padding: 5px; }
#col-3 { float: right; }
#col-3 div { margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 5px; }
#col-2, #col-3 { margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; }
#content-block, #col-2, #col-3 { margin-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; }
#col-2 { padding-right: 7px; }
#authstring * { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
#authstring { width: 640px; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.5em; }
#authstring ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; }
#authstring li { border-left: 1px solid gray; padding: 0em 0.4em; display: inline; }
#authstring .subscr-ref { border-left: medium none; font-weight: bold; }
#authstring-img { padding: 0px 0px 1em; }
#content-block h1, #content-block h2, #content-block h3, #content-block h4, #content-block h5, #content-block h6 { font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; }
#footer, #footer * { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
#footer { text-align: center; }
#footer ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; font-size: 0.8em; }
#footer li { border-left: 1px solid gray; padding: 0px 0.4em; display: inline; }
#footer li a { color: black; }
#footer .firstitem { border-left: medium none; }
#footer .copyright { margin: 1em auto; font-size: 0.8em; }
#footer .copyright a { color: rgb(102, 0, 51); }

/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/shared/css/hw-global-citation.css ::::: */

.cit-list, .cit-list ol, .cit-list ul, .cit-list li, .cit-list div, .cit-list h2, .cit-list h3, .cit-list h4 { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
.cit * { display: inline; }
.cit li, .cit ul { margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; }
ul.cit-list, ul.related-list, ol.cit-response-list, .cit-list ul, .cit-list ol { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; }
li.cit, div.cit { margin: 0.7em 0px 0px; padding: 0.5em 0.3em; display: block; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); }
.cit .cit-form-select label, .notonscreen { position: absolute; left: -9999px; }
.cit.fromcover { background-color: rgb(185, 194, 141); }
.cit.openaccess { background-color: rgb(204, 224, 249); }
.cit.inaugural { background-color: rgb(217, 177, 63); }
.cit h1, .cit h2, .cit h3, .cit h4 { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
.cit .cit-form-select, .cit .cit-form-select input { position: absolute; }
div.cit-metadata { display: block; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-section { font-weight: bold; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-section, .cit .cit-metadata .cit-first-element { margin-left: 1.5em; padding-left: 0.4em; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-first-element { display: block; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-response-list { padding-left: 3em; display: block; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-response-list li { display: block; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-response-list .cit-auth-list * { display: inline; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-response-list li span { white-space: nowrap; }
.cit .cit-metadata .cit-title, .cit .cit-metadata .cit-title-note { display: block; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 1em; font-weight: bolder; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-left: 3em; }
.cit .cit-auth-list li span { white-space: nowrap; }
.cit cite { display: block; font-style: normal; margin-top: 0.25em; padding-left: 3em; }
.cit .cit-metadata abbr.cit-jnl-abbrev { border: medium none ; }
.cit .cit-criteria-match { margin: 0.4em 0pt; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 3.4em; display: block; font-size: 0.85em; }
.cit a { color: rgb(102, 0, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; }
.cit a:hover { color: rgb(102, 0, 51); text-decoration: underline; }
.cit a:visited { color: rgb(102, 0, 51); }
.cit .cit-views { margin: 0.25em 0px; display: block; padding-left: 2.5em; }
.cit .cit-views li a { padding-left: 9px; background-image: url('rightchevron.gif'); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; }
.cit .cit-views li { padding-left: 0.5em; }
.cit .cit-extra span { padding-left: 3em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.4em; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; }
.cit .open-access-note { color: rgb(0, 0, 144); }
.cit .related-articles { display: block; padding-left: 3em; }
.cit .related-articles li { display: block; padding-left: 12px; font-style: italic; background-image: url('right.gif'); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; }
.gca-buttons { margin-top: 1.5em; }
.gca-buttons input { border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-right: 0.5em; }
li.condensed-cit, div.condensed-cit { padding: 0.1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; }
.condensed-cit .cit-metadata .cit-auth-list, .condensed-cit .cit-criteria-match, .condensed-cit .cit-metadata cite .cit-metadata-note, .condensed-cit .cit-metadata cite .cit-doi, .condensed-cit .cit-metadata cite .cit-pages .cit-sep, .condensed-cit .cit-metadata cite .cit-pages .cit-pages-lpage { display: none; }
.condensed-cit .cit-metadata .cit-title { margin-left: 1.5em; padding-left: 0.2em; display: block; }

/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/shared/css/hw-global-classes.css ::::: */

.hidden, .nodata { display: none; }
div.sb-div { border: medium none ; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; font-size: 1px; }

/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/shared/css/hw-global-dynamic-elements.css ::::: */

div#hovering-abs-close { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
div#hovering-abs-close a { text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); }
div#hovering-abs-close a:hover { text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: black; }
div#hovering-abs-close a span { font-size: 0.667em; }
div#hovering-abs h1 { margin: 0.5em; padding: 0.4em; font-size: 1em; }
div#hovering-abs { border: 1px solid rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0.5em; padding: 0.4em; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(216, 216, 216); left: 140px; width: 405px; font-size: 0.66em; line-height: 1.3; z-index: 99; }
div#hovering-abs div { margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; }
div#hovering-abs p { margin: 0pt; padding: 0.4em 1em; }
div#hovering-abs-ptr { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: url('abs-ptr.gif'); background-position: right bottom; position: absolute; left: 510px; top: 1200px; width: 32px; height: 32px; z-index: 99; }
div#hovering-abs ol, div#hovering-abs ul, div#hovering-abs h2, div#hovering-abs h3, div#hovering-abs div.fn-group { display: none; }
div.hw-gen-page .view-more { border: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); background-color: white; display: block; font-weight: bold; float: left; margin-left: -2px; margin-right: 5px; font-size: 0.833em; text-decoration: none; width: 1.3em; height: 0.9em; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0.4em; cursor: pointer; }
div.hw-gen-page .view-more:hover { background-color: rgb(56, 56, 56); color: white; }

/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/local/css/hw-pnas-sidebars.css ::::: */

.hw-gen-page div#col-3 div.siteinfo-link { border: 2px solid rgb(98, 110, 143); margin: 5px 10px; padding: 5px; font-family: "Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode",Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; display: block; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(137, 146, 171); color: black; text-align: center; }
.hw-gen-page div#col-3 div.siteinfo-link a { margin: 0pt; color: black; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; text-align: left; font-size: 0.75em; }
.hw-gen-page div#col-3 div.siteinfo-link a:visited { text-decoration: none; }
.hw-gen-page div#col-3 div.siteinfo-link a:hover { border-bottom: 1px dotted black; text-decoration: none; }
#col-2 div { margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; }
#col-2 div.content-box { margin: 1em 0pt 0pt; padding: 5px 15px 5px 0pt; background-color: rgb(177, 183, 199); }
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#col-2 div.cb-section { border-right: 10px solid rgb(216, 219, 227); }
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/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/local/css/hw-pnas-global.css ::::: */

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/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/shared/css/hw-page-toc.css ::::: */

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/* ::::: http://www.pnas.org/local/css/hw-pnas-page-toc.css ::::: */

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